作者:郭磊 来源:北京宏途教育
16.Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is
something the world does not have.
[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
[语法难点]有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单,而because引导的原因状语从句中,又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中,主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰,而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。
[句子翻译] 事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
[翻译技巧]agree为“约定的”意思,agreed account直译为“约定的看法”,意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外,将不定代词具体化,也更符合汉语习惯。
17.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
[语法难点]该句仍为主从复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。
[句子翻译] 有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在社会契约中,是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
[翻译技巧]要正确选择contract的词义,不要译成从此“收缩,缩小”。argue不要译成“争论”,而要灵活处理成“论证说”。
18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
[语法难点]有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分,后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,主语是animals,谓语是should be treated,either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语,either引导的介词短语中,humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。
[句子翻译] 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
[翻译技巧]it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”,at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句,更合乎汉语习惯。
19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
[句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
[语法难点]有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语,作状语,里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语,逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。
[句子翻译] 这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
[翻译技巧]in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”,不要把respect 译成“尊重”;extremists为极端主义者;let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内,不关乎道德”。
20.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
[句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
[语法难点]以冒号为界,将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里,时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为,主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句,作instinct的定语。
[句子翻译] 这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
[翻译技巧]将that,it等代词具体化,使译文表达明确;reasoning不能译成“原因”,而应译为“推理,推论”;in action不能译成“在行动中”,而译成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻译被动语态时,使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使译文流畅自然