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考研完型填空解题技巧精讲
作者:陈国辉    来源:广州新东方学校
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21.[A] acting [B] relying   [C] centering [D] cementing
22.[A] before  [B] unless    [C] until     [D] because
23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D] consultation
24. [A] return   [B]reply    [C] reference       [D] response
25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else
26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding
27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with
28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject
29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] chock[D] reflect
30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount
31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length
32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence
33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously
35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as
36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage
37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible
38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability
39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity
40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing
三、具体方法
        首先是细读首句。
        Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.
     完型填空的第一句话必须注意以下部分:主题,表示逻辑关系的词,作者态度。在此句中many表示作者对于这句话内容持负评价,这是因为,研究生考试为了表示自己的独特和性格,对于大多数人的说法一般持负评价,因此,本文的态度结构就是先负,后面很可能会提出作者自己的说法,因此谈到其他人的理论的选项,都优先选负面的选项。
     其次,我们要从第一句话读出主题词。Concerning 指有关,后面是causes ,再往后就一定是主题,也就是juvenile delinquency即使考生不认识,也可以从括号里知道是一种罪。
    第三,逻辑连词必须重视,这个在下文很可能重复出现,具有明显的预测和指导作用。首段的明显的连词是either和or,还有一个实词,也体现了逻辑关系:cause。因此我们可以预见,下文的主要关系,就是并列和因果关系。
    并列关系:构成并列关系的结构(词组,句子)结构相同,语法成分相同,作者态度和评价相同,对应位置结构也相同。
    因果关系:表示因果关系的不一定都是虚词。
    下面是阅读的基本模式。
 
    填空的阅读模式切忌先通读全文,也不能看一个选一个。理由如下:
 
   通读全文,会非常的浪费时间,而考场上对于时间的把握是最重要的,更重要的是,读完全文再回去从头做起,开头获得的信息已经模糊,最清晰的是最后的信息。而且,从填空的对应选项来说,需要读完全文才可以做对的选项并不多,大多数是一个长句的内容就可以相互印证而得到解决,还有很多的就是开头句的重现。因此读完全文再做题是不对地。
 
    同上,看一个选一个也是不理性的,因为单个的选项不一定可以准确的定位。
 
        因此,我们提倡:精读首句,以长句或组句为单位,文章和选项对照分段阅读。
 
下面我们看看第一个小段,也就是第一段除首句之外的部分。
Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing onthe role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
 
21.[A] acting [B] relying   [C] centering [D] cementing
22.[A] before  [B] unless    [C] until     [D] because
23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D] consultation
24. [A] return   [B]reply    [C] reference       [D] response
25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else
 
    首先扫读全段,如图标示,我们会发现,这一段的两句话都是由theories开始的,成并列关系,而21空要填的选项是在on之前,那么第二句话on前面的词是focusing,根据并列关系,我们可以推测,正确选项必然和focusing是同义词,我们选择C。继续读第一句话,先看选项前面和后面的词,前面是criminal behavior,后面是they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others。  那么记住,后半句读不懂不要去分析!penalized或者previous misdeeds读不懂都没有关系,可是你要看得出态度!!哪个是态度的词呢? Not 和mis-词根都是。那么前面是犯罪,后面是不好的事情,所以,22必然是因果联系,选D。23是一个词组搭配题,和前面的misdeeds是并列关系,因此也是不好的行为。分析选项:A是互相影响,B是趋同,同化(难!)C合作好理解,D是咨询,选A。其实很多考研选项都不会选难词,太难的词正确率普遍不高。24题道理是一样的,选项后面是failure,前面是crime 那么24的搭配也肯定是因果关系,并且要和in搭配,从选项来看,只有D符合这个意思。25是连词,那么选择主要看的是逻辑关系,选项后面是rejection前面是failure,那么无疑,这里的逻辑关系是并列,只有or是选择并列关系,选A。
 
    第二段的解题模式和第一段相似,大家先理解第一段的方法,再进行练习,然后才是讲解。以下是剩下部分的讲解。
 
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.
 
26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding
27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with
28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject
这一段开头就来了一个most,那么,依照我们所说的态度原则,这些理论的观点就很可能是负的,那么26题,不难发现,A、C是正的,答案显然就是在B、D中,因为主语是理论,那么,用ignore就比较合适,选B。  至于27题,依然是上面所说的因果关系,后面是lack,前面是犯罪,因此,选项中只有C是表示因果关系的,只能选它。28题的解决就还要依靠转折关系,tentative很多同学可能不认识,那么,我们注意到它是在however后面,就知道后面的选项和criticism搭配,也应该是负的。考虑选项,又是典型的2:2 ,即A、B是表示不会被批评,C、D都是会被批评,那么,C是指人比较敏感,本句的主语是理论,那么选D。
 
小结:本段除了上文说到的逻辑关系和作者态度之外,还有一个很重要的思想,就是,对于选项要分类考虑。一般来说,完型填空的选项有三种情况,考察的店也不同:
1:3   就是3个词相似,一个词比较独特,答案一般在3个相似的里面
2:2   就是本段的情况,那么对文章的把握直接决定我们究竟要选什么,如果连基本意思都选错,那就整个有了偏差。
4:0   就是4个词完全没有关系,这种情况不是很多见。主要是词形相似。
 
     下面就是用这些方法,请继续练习,一步步得到深刻的理解,再进行讲解,下面就是讲解:
  Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] chock[D] reflect
30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount
31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length
32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence
      本段开头的词是change 这个中性词,不带有任何明显的态度,那么,我们选择29空就需要考虑这个因素。29空后面是犯罪,本文主题,下一句是举例,例子的主语依然是change,因此,选项中的B、C有明显的贬义,A、D是中性的。可是,究竟文章的意思是,社会变革反映了少年犯罪,还是社会结构影响了少年犯罪,但从这句话是看不出来的。我们就先放下这个空,往下继续做。30空,选项后面是更少的职业,失业上升,更难得到好的工作,还有一句话开头的词是resulting ,就是导致的意思,那么,29空的意思就是社会变革导致了或者产生了犯罪,选A,同理,30空也是选导出结果的项,也就是B。 31孔前后成并列关系,并且说的是社会现象,显然不会是C,那么A、D之间应该选A,表示普遍意义。最后,这样的因果互生就是选C,意思就是反过来又产生新的犯罪。
 
    从这一段的选择,我们可以看得出做题过程中即使有少数题目不确定,却并不需要读完全文才可以做,而是在本段的内部就可以通过上下关系解决。这就是我们推荐段落对照法的原因。
 
    我们来看最后一段:
 
Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously
35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as
36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage
37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible
38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability
39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity
40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing
 
    本段的解答和上面完全相同。首先,加粗的词都是标识了态度和逻辑的词,这就是解决题目的法宝。33空的also是与上一段成并列关系,那么这一段的首句也是中性的,选择33也是要中性词,表示家庭也发生了改变,那么显然是D比较合适。 34空前面讲的是一种事实,后面的lack是一种结果,因此,表示因果关系的B是唯一的答案。35就更加简单,前面是less后面当然就是than了。36题稍微动一下脑筋,前面讲的是单亲家庭和太忙无法照顾孩子,是家庭结构的问题,选择B。37 开头的other 就表示这些原因也是可以找到的,A是评价,B是可以确认的,C是可以忽略的,D是不可信的,当然就是B。下面这句话很长,不过只要看见是一个很长的并列句,我们就可以判断:38,39 整个词组的搭配,应该是负评价。38说增加了什么,A、B的增加不会导致犯罪,C是分配,那么还是选D表示更加容易得到毒品了。而39表示虐待儿童,显然,D是不好的,很难想象虐待儿童会成为一种年轻妈妈的时尚!B、C都是精神现象,只有A才可以导致儿童的犯罪。最后,40空后半句存在明显的对前半句的否定,是转折关系,最近似的就是C选项。
 
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